Esta vez he ido rapidillo y me he avanzado unas 10 horas a una noticia que no ha aparecido en la prensa española durante el último año que es cuando se estaría gestando: se estaba cociendo el Acuerdo entre Australia y Tuvalu por el cual, para simplificar, los ciudadanos de Tuvalu pasarían a ser residentes en Australia cuando el cambio climático hunda las islas del archipiélago.
El jueves 20231109. Australia y Tuvalu, Estados de Oceanía, firman un acuerdo importante. Las islas de la Polinesia, gran región en la que se enclava Tuvalu, se hunden por la amenaza de la subida del nivel del mar a causa del calentamiento global generado por las potencias industriales. Tuvalu se queda sin suelo. ¿A dónde irán a vivir? El acuerdo, de una manera indirecta (que si ayudas al estudio y alojamiento, que si tal), dice que a Australia.
Population 10,645 Mini Census 2017 Australia: 26,473,055 31 March 2023
Visitors 244 Arrivals 2022 (Jan – Dec)Australia 1.828.000 según el Banco Mundial para 2021 (últimos datos, afectados por Covid-19) y anteriormente iba reciciendo unos 4 millones.
Average Annual Inflation 11.5% June-2023 IPC o Consumer Price Index 5.4%Annual change September 2023 quarter
Real GDP 60.35M para 20222021 Preliminary Australia 1,675,418.67Mambos según el Banco Mundial para 2022 Cuidado: es que son millones de dólares USA, así que hay que añadir 6 ceros a cada cifra. "(Millions)"
Aunque se considera un acuerdo excepcional, es evidente que no lo puede ser. Porque toda la Oceanía está afectada.
Tuvalu se independiza en 1978 del Imperio Británico y en 1982 entra en UNCLOS (el tratado de Derecho Marítimo de la ONU del que hablamos en el artículo anterior). Para 1987 ya tienen un fondo especial soberano de inversión de cara a los problemas climáticos.
Ocean security and management has long been a critical priority for
Tuvalu, especially because fisheries are a major national resource.
Tuvalu is a party to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS), and its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area
of approximately 753,139 km2, which is far larger than its land
territory of 25.1 km2.
Parece ser que hay Estados de Oceanía que tienen acuerdos con los Estados Unidos de América, pero lo lógico es que la reorganización fuera pacífica (lo menos traumática) y dentro del Pacífico (culturalmente menos traumática).
The Tuvalu Trust Fund was established in 1987 to provide a longterm
economic future for the country. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract
leasing its Internet domain name ".tv" for $50 million in royalties over
a 12-year period. The contract was renewed in 2011 for a ten-year
period. Tuvalu’s isolation means it sees few tourists; in 2020, Funafuti
International Airport had four weekly flights - three to Suva, Fiji,
and one to Tarawa. Tuvalu is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate
change; in 2018, sea levels in Funafuti were rising twice as fast as
global averages.
Entiendo que, si Australia quiere ser la potencia regional del Pacífico, no es solamente una cuestión de ser la isla más grande del mundo sino de ofrecer soluciones en esa zona. Australia tiene relaciones de todo tipo, algunas tensas y otras amistosas, con la región ampliada desde Indonesia Tailandia, Filipinas hasta China. China es la potencia -la otra es la India, que hace muchos años penetró en algun otro microestado oceánico- que puede acceder a esa zona, poblaciones y recursos.
Se da la circunstancia de que Tuvalu es de los pocos Estados que reconoce a Taiwan, lo que la pone en el punto de mira de la diplomacia china o de una escala militar.
Por otro lado, y tan o más imporante, está el hecho sabido de que un Estado tiene escasas características propias: población, soberanía, territorio. Tuvalu se plantea seriamente ser un Estado sin territorio. ¿Es ell posible? Su política exterior ya dependía de la de Australia. Otros Estados de la región, como Guam (Islas Marianas), conquistada por Estados Unidos a España en 1898, han tenido su política exterior y de defensa en manos de USA durante tod el siglo XX y XXI, así que la soberanía parcial no deja de ser un problema para ser un Estado.
¿Puede existir un Estado o varios metidos en Australia? Hombre. Australia es inmensa y no deberia ser un gran problema, sobretodo si los tratados se mantienen, la población siguiera siendo escasa y las políticas duras de Exterior y Defensa no amenazan los interees del Estado de Australia.
¿Sería ello aceptable por el Estado de Australia y por su población? Ese es otro cantar que depende de la cultura política australiana: ¿es ultranacionalista, es xenófoba, tiene interés por crear un entorno de solidaridad y tranquilidad entre sus vecinos?
Para ver la complejidad de aceptación del asunto en sociedaes acostumbradas a una cómoda vida de una cultura, una sociedad, una religión o ninguna... Una posibilidad es la integración bajo una fórmula confederal en el solar de Australia, en el bien entendido de que no son inmigrantes o gente que ha decidido desplazarse sino población que ha perdido su espacio de asentamiento y que todo un país. Por así decirlo, un poco la fórmula de los pueblos federados o foederati del Imperio Romano de los siglos III-V. He pensado en un autonomía política pero estamos hablando de entidad Estado que entraría en el terreno de otro Estado, no de otorgar derechos políticos y de autogestión a una población (nación, minoría) ya existente dentro del Estado.
En cualquier caso, el modelo de Estado-Nación, formado a base de demasiadas suposiciones y falsedades e imposiciones, chirría sin parar desde su implantación, sobretodo a partir del siglo XIX.
Claro que eso abre la puerta a otros temas como pueblos invadidos y sobre los que se ejerce limpieza étnica como el caso de algún pueblo, por ejemplo, de las orillas del Levante Mediterráneo, y cuya tierra hubiera sido troceada, invadida, colonizada, sus fuentes de agua usurpadas y su acceso a los medios de producción proscrito para convertirlos en asalariados siervos semi-esclavos por parte de una potencia militar nuclear superior apoyada por una suportencia. Son suposiciones de cosas que podrían haber sucedido, en el caso de que algún Estado incivilizado hubiera intentado alguna maldad similar desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
¿Qué pasaría con la aguas territorales de Tuvalu, una vez hundido buena parte del archipiélago? Tómese como ejemplo de otras islas de Oceanía o de lo que podría pasar en Barcelona y la costa mediterránea ante el aumento del nivel del mar. ¿Esas aguas territoriales serían internacionales, de Australia o del primero que llegase, balleneros sin escrúpulos japoneses, flota de guerra china o estadounidenes o cruceros turísticos italianos?
Desde 1987, un fondo de inversión soberano de Tuvalu ha ido almacenando dinero para esta circunstancia.
Tuvalu tiene una emotiva web en la que se considera el primer Estado Digital. The First Digital Nation, pero "nación", para los angloparlantes que no quieren molestarse en la precisión semántica, es "Estado". E incluso, ¿sería nación si no hay nacionales porque es un sitio web y no un espacio sea una plaza, un bar, un garage, una playa, un campo, con gente? Esa web es una llamada de atención impresionante: la isla Afualiku Islet es la primera que desaparecerá. Una foto perfecta o una recreación 3D rodeada de un fondo negro allá donde debería haber el color cielo. No hay nada más: dice que está cargando datos de Tuvalu pero no se puede acceder a nada y seguramente no habrá nada más que un vídeo del jerifalte y un texto para enviar a tu ministr@ de Medio Ambiente. A esa web le falta mucho trabajo y no deja de ser un poster con movimento pero nada de datos ni interactivo.
Este importante acuerdo no ha interesado al Australian Herald, lo que dice mucho sobre la ausencia de periodismo en el mundo oficialista y sobre el interés del ombligo.
Aunque sí han dicho la noticia en las noticias de radios españolas entre las 8:00h y las 9:00h del 20231110, me parece más interesante poner la noticia desde un medio de comunicación australiano o tuvaleno (tuvalense, tuvaliano, tuvalinés, tuvalí, me lo invento de la manera más fácil de pronunciar, que es lo correcto para un hablante).
Más abajo copiaremos el texto emitido por la web oficial. Un avance:
The key features of the Falepili Union are:
establishing a special visa arrangement for Tuvaluan citizens to live, work and study in Australia;
a commitment to protect and promote each other's collective
security and sovereignty, including through security commitments that
will support a peaceful, safe and prosperous region;
Australian support for Tuvalu's climate adaptation interests,
including an additional $16.9 million for the Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation
Project (TCAP); and
a commitment to uplift our broader bilateral partnership, including Australia's development assistance.
La noticia que ponemos a continuación muestra cómo los países que no han contaminado se ven subsumidos en una crisis que amenaza su existencia mientras que la potencia regional, aunque ofrece ayuda, en realidad mantiene sus planes de contaminación por energías fósiles, gas y todo eso.
Anthony Albanese offers Tuvalu residents the right to resettle in Australia, as climate change 'threatens its existence'
By foreign affairs reporter Stephen Dziedzic in Rarotonga and the Pacific Local Journalism Network's Nick SasPosted , updated
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese
has announced a new pact with the low-lying island country of Tuvalu,
allowing residents facing displacement from climate change the ability
to resettle in Australia.
Key points:
The deal is the first time Australia has offered residence or citizenship rights due to the threat posed by climate change
The US and New Zealand have similar agreements with other Pacific countries
Mr Albanese described it as the most significant agreement between Australia and a Pacific island nation ever
In
a move which could transform Australia's relationships with other small
Pacific nations and the region as a whole, Mr Albanese announced the
agreement at the Pacific Islands Forum in Cook Islands, flanked
by Tuvalu's Prime Minister Kausea Natano.
The
agreement will see 280 people per year given a "special mobility
pathway" to "live, work and study" in Australia. Tuvalu has a permanent
population of about 11,000 people.
In return, Australia will have effective veto power over Tuvalu's security arrangements with any other country.
"With
the Pacific the best placed to support the Pacific's own security,
Australia and Tuvalu will also mutually agree cooperation with other
countries in Tuvalu's security sectors," the agreement reads.
"As a low-lying nation it is particularly impacted by climate change," Mr Albanese said at a press conference on Friday.
"Its
very existence is threatened. I believe developed nations have a
responsibility to provide assistance and that is precisely what we
are doing.
"[This is] the most significant agreement between Australia and a Pacific island nation ever."
Mr Albanese and Mr Natano officially signed the agreement in Cook Islands on Friday. (ABC News)
Mr Natano described the deal as a "beacon of hope".
"It's
not just a milestone but a giant leap forward in our joint mission to
ensure regional stability, sustainability and prosperity," he said.
It
is the first time that a Pacific Island nation has agreed to such an
intimate relationship with Australia – and the first time that Australia
has offered residence or citizenship rights to foreign nationals
because of the threat posed by climate change.
Anna
Powles, a Pacific expert and senior lecturer in defence and security at
Massey University, told the ABC the agreement happened "at speed and
under immense secrecy".
"It is hugely significant," she said.
"It
comes at a time when the sentiment for self-determination — and
Pacific-led priorities and agendas — is at an all time high [and] this
agreement would appear to be counter to some of these sentiments."
She
said the treaty would provide a model that some smaller Pacific
countries also threatened by climate change, such as Nauru and Kiribati,
may be encouraged to consider.
"However, it does not create a pathway for other [larger Pacific] countries."
ESTA IMAGEN SE CONVIRTIÓ EN ICÓNICA Y DEBERÍA SER BASTANTE RECORDADA PERO NO LO ES.
At the UN's 2021 climate change conference, Tuvalu's Foreign Minister
Simon Kofe delivered his speech from the seashore to stress the threat
his country faces.(Reuters)
Mr
Albanese and Mr Natano met earlier this week on the sidelines of the
Pacific Islands Forum where they discussed Tuvalu's plan to adapt to
climate change — but neither country flagged this agreement after that
meeting.
There are already several independent Pacific states that have associations or "compacts" with larger outside countries.
Australia's
role in the region, and the fact it continues to expand its coal and
gas industries as the world approaches a climate tipping point, was seen
as motivation by some Pacific watchers for Mr Albanese to come armed
with climate-focused announcements, such as the Tuvalu agreement.
Some
expected Mr Albanese to announce a climate change fund for the region
at the Forum, but Mr Albanese on Friday said he'd make "further
announcements" at an appropriate time.
Speaking
after the Tuvalu agreement was announced, Greens leader Adam Bandt said
Labor must "accept responsibility" for the "damage it is causing to
places like Tuvalu for backing more coal and gas".
"It
would be even better if Labor didn’t cause the damage in the first
place and stopped approving new coal and gas mines," he said.
The prime minister of Tuvalu, one of the nations most at risk from
rising sea levels caused by climate change, says his country is running
out of time.
A continuación, el Acuerdo Filipili entre Australia y Tuvalu (en pdf) de 20231109, tal como fue publicado por la web del Deparamento de Asuntos Exteriores de Australia (Department of Foreign Affairs). Enlace al tratado via web.
Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union treaty
The Government of Tuvalu (“Tuvalu”) and the Government of Australia (“Australia”) (together, “the Parties”)
RESOLUTE in reaffirming the Parties' sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence;
UNDERPINNEDby the concept of Falepili which connotes the traditional values of good neighbourliness, duty of care and mutual respect;
RECOGNISING that as Pacific countries the
Parties' interests are intertwined and decisions taken by one Party
affect the interests of the other;
REAFFIRMING a shared commitment to Pacific values as envisioned in the 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent, the guiding principles outlined in the Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific, and the Boe Declarationon Regional Security, which affirms an expanded concept of security;
RECOGNISING the traditional, warm and close ties between Australia and Tuvalu on development, economic and security matters;
COMMITTED to enhancing their partnership to
promote and protect the Parties' shared interest in each other's
prosperity, stability and security, including by responding to current
and emerging security challenges, such as climate change;
COMMITTEDto work together
to address Tuvalu's development needs, including through enhanced
development assistance and by exploring opportunities to build
capability, collaborate on delivery of government services and support
key infrastructure priorities;
RECOGNISING the special and unique circumstances faced by Tuvalu and that climate change is Tuvalu's greatest national security concern;
COMMITTED to working together in support of the international rules-based order;
REAFFIRMING their respective obligations under international and domestic law;
HAVE AGREED as follows:
Article 1: Purpose
The main purpose of this agreement is to:
establish a Falepili Union based on values of good
neighbourliness, care and mutual respect and elevate the Parties'
relationship to one which is advanced, integrated and comprehensive;
provide the citizens of Tuvalu with a special human mobility
pathway to access Australia underpinned by a shared understanding and
commitment to ensuring human mobility with dignity; and
protect and promote each Party's and the Parties' collective security and sovereignty.
Article 2: Climate cooperation
The Parties, in the spirit of friendship, mutual respect and
support for enduring shared interests, including each other's stability,
security, prosperity and resilience, commit to work together in the
face of the existential threat posed by climate change.
The Parties recognise:
the desire of Tuvalu's people to continue to live in their
territory where possible and Tuvalu's deep, ancestral connections to
land and sea;
the statehood and sovereignty of Tuvalu will continue, and the
rights and duties inherent thereto will be maintained, notwithstanding
the impact of climate change-related sea-level rise;
that more recent technological developments provide additional adaptation opportunities.
The Parties commit to work together to help the citizens of Tuvalu
to stay in their homes with safety and dignity, including by promoting
Tuvalu's adaptation interests to other countries, including through
regional and international forums.
Article 3: Human mobility with dignity
Australia shall arrange for a special human mobility pathway for
citizens of Tuvalu to access Australia which shall enable citizens of
Tuvalu to:
live, study and work in Australia;
access Australian education, health, and key income and family support on arrival.
To support the implementation of the pathway, Tuvalu shall ensure
that its immigration, passport, citizenship and border controls are
robust and meet international standards for integrity and security and
are compatible with and accessible to Australia.
Australia shall provide assistance to Tuvalu to enable it to meet its obligations under paragraph 2 of this article.
Article 4: Cooperation for security and stability
Australia shall, in accordance with its international law
obligations, international commitments, domestic processes and capacity,
and following a request from Tuvalu, provide assistance to Tuvaluin
response to:
a major natural disaster;
a public health emergency of international concern;
military aggression against Tuvalu.
The Parties shall enter into an instrument to set out the
conditions and timeframes applicable to Australian personnel operating
in Tuvalu's territory.
In addition to the Parties' rights and freedoms under international
law, provided that advance notice is given by Australia, Tuvalu shall
provide Australia rights to access, presence within, and overflight of
Tuvalu's territory, if the activities are necessary for the provision of
assistance requested by Tuvalu under this agreement.
Tuvalu shall mutually agree with Australia any partnership,
arrangement or engagement with any other State or entity on security and
defence-related matters. Such matters include but are not limited to
defence, policing, border protection, cyber security and critical
infrastructure, including ports, telecommunications and energy
infrastructure.
Article 5: Consultation and responses
Tuvalu and Australia shall establish a Joint Committee that
shall meet at least every twelve months to discuss matters arising under
this agreement.
In the event that either Tuvalu or Australia determines it
necessary to discuss an obligation contained in this agreement or its
implementation, the Joint Committee shall be convened within two weeks
following notification by either Party, to determine individual or joint
responses.
Article 6: Settlement of disputes
Any dispute arising under this agreement with respect to its
interpretation, application or implementation shall be settled by
consultation or negotiation between the Parties, and shall not be
referred to any national or international tribunal or court or any other
third party for resolution.
The Parties agree the Joint Committee will resolve disputes
relating to the interpretation, application or implementation of this
agreement, should such a dispute arise.
Either Party, following provision of written notice, can suspend
compliance with their obligations under the agreement pending resolution
of a dispute.
Article 7: Amendment
This agreement may be amended in writing by mutual consent of both Parties.
Any amendment to this agreement shall come into force on the date
of the later notification by either Party of the completion of their
respective requirements for entry into force of the relevant amendment.
Article 8: Entry into force, duration and termination
This agreement shall enter into force on the date of receipt of
the last notification by which the Parties notify each other in writing,
through an exchange of diplomatic notes, that their respective
requirements for the entry into force of this agreement have been
completed.
This agreement shall continue in force unless terminated in accordance with this article.
The Parties may agree in writing to terminate this agreement at any
time. Such termination shall become effective on the date agreed by the
Parties.
Either Party may terminate this agreement upon written notice to
the other Party. Such termination shall become effective twelve months
following the date on which the other Party receives the written notice
of termination.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorised by their respective Governments, have signed this agreement.
ESTA IMAGEN SE CONVIRTIÓ EN ICÓNICA Y DEBERÍA SER BASTANTE RECORDADA PERO NO LO ES.
Cap comentari:
Publica un comentari a l'entrada